基本概念
計算機的定義、組成、分類
Computer Definition, Components, and Classification: Clearly define a computer, its essential components (CPU, memory, storage, input/output devices), and different types of computers (personal computers, servers, mainframes, etc.).
資訊的表示、存儲、傳輸
Information Representation, Storage, and Transmission: Explain how information is represented in binary form (bits, bytes), storage devices (hard drives, solid-state drives), and data transmission methods (serial, parallel).
資料結構：陣列、鏈表、堆疊、樹、圖等
Data Structures: Thoroughly understand and explain common data structures like arrays, linked lists, stacks, trees, and graphs, including their operations, applications, and performance characteristics.
演算法：搜尋、排序、遞歸等
Algorithms: Grasp fundamental algorithms like searching (linear, binary), sorting (bubble sort, insertion sort, merge sort), and recursion, understanding their time and space complexities.
硬體
CPU：結構、功能、指令集
CPU: Delve into the structure of a CPU (control unit, arithmetic logic unit, registers), its functions (fetching, decoding, executing instructions), and instruction sets (RISC, CISC).
記憶體：主記憶體、快取記憶體、虛擬記憶體
Memory: Understand the different types of memory (primary, secondary), memory hierarchy (cache, main memory, virtual memory), and memory management techniques.
入/輸出系統：裝置、介面、控制
Input/Output Systems: Explain input/output devices (printers, monitors, keyboards, etc.), interfaces (parallel, serial, USB), and device drivers for communication between hardware and software.
通訊系統：網路、匯流排
Communication Systems: Grasp the basics of computer networks, including network protocols (TCP/IP), routing, switching, and network topologies (LAN, WAN, MAN).
軟體
作業系統：進程、記憶體管理、檔案管理、輸入/輸出管理
Operating Systems: Understand the core functions of an operating system, including process management (scheduling, synchronization), memory management (allocation, paging), file management (organization, access), and input/output management (device drivers).
編譯器：語言處理、程式翻譯
Compilers: Explain the language processing steps (lexical analysis, syntax analysis, semantic analysis, code generation) involved in translating high-level programming languages into machine code.
資料庫：資料模型、結構化查詢語言
Databases: Understand the concept of a database, different data models (relational, NoSQL), and the Structured Query Language (SQL) for data manipulation.
網路
網路基礎知識：TCP/IP協定、路由、交換
Networking Basics: Grasp the fundamental concepts of networking, including TCP/IP protocols (TCP, IP, UDP), routing protocols (RIP, OSPF), and switching techniques.
網際網路應用：HTTP、FTP、電子郵件
Internet Applications: Understand common internet applications like HTTP (web browsing), FTP (file transfer), and email protocols (SMTP, POP3, IMAP).
網路安全：防火牆、VPN、加密
Network Security: Explain network security concepts, including firewalls, Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), encryption techniques (SSL/TLS), and common security threats.
細胞生物學 Cell Biology:
細胞的結構和功能：細胞膜、細胞核、細胞器等
Cell Structure and Function: Thoroughly understand the structure and functions of the major cellular components, including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, etc.),
and cytoskeleton.
細胞的代謝：糖酵解、三羧酸迴路、氧化磷酸化等
Cellular Metabolism: Explain the key metabolic processes occurring in cells, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and photosynthesis, highlighting their roles in energy production and biosynthesis.
細胞的遺傳：DNA的結構和功能、RNA的合成和翻譯、遺傳變異和遺傳疾病
Cellular Genetics: Grasp the structure and function of DNA as the genetic material, the processes of DNA replication, RNA transcription, and protein translation, and the mechanisms of genetic variation (mutation, recombination).
組織學 Histology:
動物組織的基本類型：上皮組織、結締組織、肌肉組織、神經組織
Basic Tissue Types: Understand the four basic types of animal tissues: epithelial tissue (covering and lining), connective tissue (supporting and binding), muscle tissue (contractile), and nervous tissue (communicative).
主要器官的結構和功能：消化系統、呼吸系統、循環系統、泌尿系統、生殖系統、內分泌系統、神經系統
Organ Structure and Function: Explain the structure and function of major organs in the human body, including the digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, urinary system, reproductive system, endocrine system, and nervous system.
遺傳學 Genetics:
孟德爾遺傳定律：顯性遺傳、隱性遺傳、分離定律、組合定律
Mendelian Genetics: Grasp the fundamental principles of Mendelian inheritance, including dominant and recessive traits, segregation, independent assortment, and linked inheritance.
連鎖遺傳和基因座圖
Linkage and Gene Mapping: Understand the concept of linkage (genes located on the same chromosome) and its application in gene mapping (determining the order of genes on a chromosome).
基因突變和遺傳疾病
Gene Mutation and Genetic Disorders: Explain the different types of gene mutations (point mutations, frameshifts, insertions, deletions) and their potential consequences, including genetic disorders and diseases.
進化生物學 Evolutionary Biology:
進化的證據：化石證據、形態學證據、胚胎學證據、生化學證據、分子生物學證據
Evidence for Evolution: Understand the various lines of evidence supporting evolution, including fossil evidence, morphological evidence, embryological evidence, biochemical evidence, and molecular evidence.
進化的機制：自然選擇、突變、重組、漂變、地理隔離
Mechanisms of Evolution: Grasp the main mechanisms driving evolutionary change, including natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and geographic isolation.
生物的多樣性
Biodiversity: Explain the concept of biodiversity, the factors contributing to it, and the importance of conserving biodiversity for the environment and human well-being.
生化概論
生物大分子 Biomolecules:
碳水化合物：結構、功能、分類
Carbohydrates: Thoroughly understand the structure (monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides), classification (simple, complex, dietary fibers), and functions (energy storage, structural support, cell recognition) of carbohydrates.
蛋白質：結構、功能、分類、酶
Proteins: Delve into the structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary), functions (enzymes, structural proteins, transport proteins, storage proteins), and classification (based on shape, function) of proteins.
核酸：結構、功能、DNA複製、RNA轉錄和翻譯
Nucleic Acids: Grasp the structure (DNA, RNA), functions (genetic information storage, protein synthesis), and processes (DNA replication, RNA transcription, translation) of nucleic acids.
代謝 Metabolism:
能量代謝：糖酵解、三羧酸迴路、氧化磷酸化、光合作用
Energy Metabolism: Understand the pathways and enzymes involved in energy metabolism, including glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and photosynthesis.
物質代謝：氨基酸代謝、脂肪代謝、核酸代謝
Material Metabolism: Explain the metabolism of major biomolecules, including amino acid metabolism (protein synthesis, degradation), lipid metabolism (fatty acid synthesis, breakdown), and nucleic acid metabolism (nucleotide synthesis, degradation).
細胞信號傳導 Cell Signaling Transduction:
細胞膜受體：G蛋白偶聯受體、酪氨酸激酶受體
Cell Membrane Receptors: Understand the two main types of cell membrane receptors: G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and tyrosine kinase receptors (TKRs), including their structure, activation mechanisms, and signaling pathways.
細胞信號傳導通路：MAPK通路、PI3K通路、JAK-STAT通路
Cell Signaling Pathways: Grasp the major cell signaling pathways, such as the MAPK pathway, PI3K pathway, and JAK-STAT pathway, explaining their components, activation mechanisms, and cellular responses.
分子生物學 Molecular Biology:
DNA複製、轉錄和翻譯
DNA Replication: Understand the process of DNA replication, including the enzymes involved (DNA polymerase, helicase, ligase), the steps (unwinding, DNA synthesis, proofreading), and the importance of DNA replication for cell division and inheritance.
基因調控：轉錄調控、後轉錄調控
Transcription and Translation: Explain the processes of transcription (RNA synthesis from DNA) and translation (protein synthesis from RNA), including the enzymes involved (RNA polymerase, ribosomes), the steps (initiation, elongation, termination), and the regulation of gene expression.
基因工程：重組DNA技術、基因轉移技術
Genetic Engineering: Grasp the techniques of genetic engineering, including recombinant DNA technology (gene cloning, restriction enzymes) and gene transfer technology (transformation, transfection), and their applications in biotechnology and medicine.
Unfortunately, the official exam announcements for National Sun Yat-sen University's
Graduate School of Medicine do not provide specific details regarding the English exam
content for the "Smart Healthcare" group. However, based on the general requirements
for medical school applicants and the overall emphasis on English proficiency in the
field of medicine, it's reasonable to expect the exam to cover a broad range of English
language skills and knowledge relevant to medical and scientific contexts.
